Database Environment Paper Essay Essay Example

Database Environment Paper Essay Essay In the concern universe. the usage of many different types of databases is non merely platitude. but an indispensable portion of twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours operations. A database is a structured aggregation of information that is stored on a computing machine or waiter that allows the informations to be rapidly accessed. analyzed. and allows the ability for questions to be run. The usage of a database allows concerns to greatly increase efficiency accessing informations and truth keeping informations. The Sacramento Capital Art Museum is presently in demand of a database to accurately track the graphics. the name of the creative person. and each piece of graphicss location. Before traveling any farther. it is of import to analyse the type of environment that you are working with. Database Environment A database environment describes all of the hardware. package. informations. processs. and forces that you are working with. It straight relates to a undertakings range and b oundaries ( portion of the DBLC ) . as the boundaries are contained within the environment. Sacramento Capital Art Museum is a comparatively new museum that was established in 2012 by a group of devouring art aggregators populating in the capital metropolis. We will write a custom essay sample on Database Environment Paper Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Database Environment Paper Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Database Environment Paper Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As a consequence of this. there is non any type of established database presently running inside of SCAM. While Excel databases have been used by employees on and off. there is nil that is for good kept on a public thrust. The demand to track all the graphics throughout the museum is a direct consequence of a piece of valuable art that was misplaced. Presently. the museum has 20 employees. each with their ain work Personal computer. There is a little waiter that is kept in house that shops the company’s information and is accessible by all work PC’s via a alone user login. The company is unfastened to utilizing any type of DBMS that will suit Database Environment Paper 3 their demands. I have chosen Microsoft Access as the DBMS for SCAM. Microsoft Access is a â€Å"tool for assemblage and understanding all of your information†¦and supplying a convenient manner to come in. navigate. and describe your informations. † ( Microsoft SQL and Access. 2014 ) We will be utilizing a relational database for this undertaking. A relational database was developed in 1970 by an IBM research worker named E. F. Codd. ( What are relationship databases. 2001 ) With a relational database. information is stored in unvarying. Alternatively of one long. level line of information. information is stored in tabular arraies. This allows informations to be represented in columns and rows. This type of representation of informations allows for speedy comparings. kind information by entity or property. They are referred to as relational databases because of the ability to utilize the relationship of other similar informations to increase the velocity and overall versatility of the database. Because of the type of informations used for this database. a relational type would do the most sense. This DBMS will besides let for easy database care. SCAM presently wants all employees to be able to entree the database. while merely leting 10 of the 20 employee’s entree to modify the database. Access will be given via alone personal logins and all entree to the database will be monitored and logged in an effort to discourage larceny. Properties and Entities An entity is a individual. topographic point. or thing. or construct about which informations can be collected. ( Attributes. n. d. ) An property describes the facts. inside informations. or features of an entity. For this undertaking. the entities we are utilizing are the single pieces of graphics. the name of the creative person. and the location of the graphics. The properties that we are utilizing are the type of art. the beginning of the creative person. whether it is stored or on show within the museum. Using a information modeling attack. such as the entity relationship theoretical account ( ER ) that was created by Peter Pin-Shan Chen. allows for the proper conceptual procedure to be laid out prior to the existent building of the database. Database Environment Paper 4 Essentially. it is a database design of how everything will be mapped out. During this procedure. you want to guarantee that all the entities and attributes you wish to stand for are logically and briefly laid out. Once the database is mapped out. building of the database can get down. In the terminal. the database will be able to give the employees of the Sacramento Capital Art Museum immediate entree to the location of every piece of art in the museums detention. The employees will be able to run questions to happen out particulars about the art. For illustration. if they wanted to make an exhibit on Chinese art. they could run a question to happen all the art that originated from China within their aggregation. Database Environment Paper 5 Mentions â€Å"Microsoft SQL and Access† ( 2014 ) Retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. computerhouse. com/microsoft- sql-and-access/ â€Å"What are relational databases? † ( 2001 ) Retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //computer. howstuffworks. com/question599. htm â€Å"Attributes† ( n. d. ) Retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. teach- ict. com/as_a2_ict_new/ocr/AS_G061/315_database_concepts/attributes_entities/miniweb/pg3. ht

Statistics on Victoria, the Capital of British Columbia, Canada

Statistics on Victoria, the Capital of British Columbia, Canada Victoria is the capital city of the province of British Columbia, Canada. Victoria is a gateway to the Pacific Rim, is close to U.S. Markets, and has many sea and air links that make it a business hub. With the mildest climate in Canada, Victoria is known for its gardens and is a clean and charming city. Victoria holds many reminders of both its native and British heritage, and views of totem poles combine with afternoon tea. The focus of downtown Victoria is the inner harbor, overlooked by the Parliament Buildings and the historic Fairmont Empress Hotel. Location of Victoria, British Columbia Victoria is located on the southern tip of Vancouver Island.See a  map of Victoria Area 19.47 sq. km (7.52 sq. miles) (Statistics Canada, 2011 Census) Population 80,017 (Statistics Canada, 2011 Census) Date Victoria Incorporated as a City 1862 Date Victoria Became the Capital City of British Columbia 1871 Government of the City of Victoria After the 2014 election, Victoria municipal elections will be held every four years rather than three. Date of the last Victoria municipal election: Saturday, November 15, 2014 Victorias city council is made up of nine elected representatives: one mayor and eight city councillors. Victoria Mayor Lisa HelpsVictoria City Councillors Victoria Attractions Major attractions in the capital city include: Parliament Buildings, home of the BC Legislative AssemblyButchart GardensRoyal BC MuseumMaritime Museum of BCFairmont Empress HotelTrans Canada Trail Weather in Victoria Victoria has the mildest climate in Canada, and with an eight-month frost-free season flowers bloom year-round. The average annual rainfall for Victoria is 66.5 cm (26.2 in.), far less than in Vancouver, BC or New York City. Summers in Victoria are pleasantly warm and dry with an average maximum temperature in July and August of 21.8 °C (71 °F). Victoria winters are mild, with rain and the occasional light snow. The average temperature in January is 3 °C (38 °F). Spring can start as early as February. City of Victoria Official Site City of Victoria Capital Cities of Canada For information on the other capital cities in Canada, see Capital Cities of Canada.

WRITTEN ANALYSIS OF A MOVIE- THE MAN FROM EARTH Essay

WRITTEN ANALYSIS OF A MOVIE- THE MAN FROM EARTH - Essay Example The story is kept on going by conversation of characters throughout the film, driving the plot of the film. The whole movie revolves around Cro-Magnon, his professor and teacher friends at his farewell party who play with the viewers’ intellect. The film involves characters of different professionals, ranging from an anthropologist, a biologist, a psychologist and a religious expert, all who appear in the small house, from where their friend John is preparing to leave. John keeps on moving to new places to avoid being noticed by people that he doesn’t age, a secret he has kept to himself (Philosophical Films 2007). As the movie begins, Professor John Oldman packs his belongings in a truck in preparation for moving to a new home. It is at this point that his friends gather to give him a farewell party. The friends are John Oldman, Dan, an anthropologist, Harry a biologist, Edith who is devout Christian, Sandy who is a historian in love with John, Art an archaeologist, Linda Murphy who is an Art’s student and Will Gruber who is an old psychiatrist. It is at the party that his friends curiously question John about his reasons for leaving them to another place that soon (Philosophical Films, 2007). As John tries to explain his reasons for leaving, his friends get the revelation that John was the person who had lived for 14,000 years. His friends initially think that John is giving them one of his science fiction stories. By describing his origin, he reveals to them his long journey in life, right from the time he was given an opportunity to ride with Christopher Columbus long back in the 15th century. From this recollection, his friends come to the realization that he had, in fact, survived for the said 14,000 years. His friends get the revelation that John was once Jacques Borne and his time to leave has come since some people had started noticing he was not aging. Doubting John’s mental condition, one

Theoretical Studies in Fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theoretical Studies in Fashion - Essay Example The essay "Theoretical Studies in Fashion" concerns the Fashion Theoretical Studies. After visiting the Victoria and Albert Museum, we visited the shoe exhibition called ‘Shoes and Pleasure Pain’ where I learned about different types of shoes that reflect social construction for gender. In the shoe exhibition I chose to focus on Men’s Clubbing Boots which were produced between 1992 and 1996 in England. This type of shoe is a high heeled leather shoe designed for men. These shoes are long with tall laces from the feet up to the legs. They are sexy, and can be used by men to demonstrate sexiness in the English culture. The men’s clubbing boots fall under the category of seduction in the exhibition because they are considered as sexy shoes. They influence the movement of the body. These high heeled shows which affect body movements have been considered in most societies to be suitable for the female gender. However, in this specific exhibition men have also be en portrayed as a group that can titillate the audience and develop sensual feeling. However, the shoe also has several characteristics that reflect the male gender through social construction. For instance, the men’s clubbing boots are look big and heavy, indicating masculine aspects of the wearer. The bigness and heaviness of the men’s clubbing boots shows the distinct appearance of men and women in terms of social construction. In social perspective, men and women have different levels of social power. The power of women is manifested in their appearance.

Mass Media In A Liberal Democratic Society

Mass Media In A Liberal Democratic Society What is the proper role of the mass media in a liberal democratic society? In the contemporary world, the use of mass media has been on the increase and thus this has not exempted its use in the political arena. In connection to this point, there is a vital role that is played by mass media especially in the liberal democratic society. As such, a liberal democratic society is the one in which elections are fair and free while encouraging competition in the political process. This kind of democracy is a representative of the American, Brazilian and Canada among other such like democracies. In particular, a liberal democratic society seeks to bring developments in the political arena, social and economic sectors. In this sense, the government is used as a tool of making developments where they are needed. On the other hand, democracy brings about vesting of authority on the citizens. In this context, the proper role of mass media in such a society may be not understood. Therefore, the undertaking of this work will cover the proper role played by mass media in a liberal democratic society. Following this point, democracy involves a set of measures followed in the making choice of the state elite. It actually requires meaningful electoral choice that which can be made possible by the mass media which is important in any large democratic polity. In this sense, there have been ongoing arguments regarding the autonomy granted to the mass media as far as politics are concerned. Arguably, the success of any liberal democratic society is direct connected to the free flow of both ideas and arguments. This is necessitated by the mass media which should in fact maintain a deliberative exchange of such ideas and arguments. From a general point of view, mass media plays a pivotal role in a liberal democratic society which is termed as a role of being a guardian of the democracy along with the defending of the interest of the public  [1]  . In actual sense, mass media plays the role of correcting the arms of the government which involve the executive, judiciary and in the large r perspective the legislative. In other words, the mass media plays a major role as the major player in the theatre of elections  [2]  . It was also noted that democracy requires inhibited public debates along with free speeches and along with this point, citizens should be equipped with the ability to make informed decisions of which this is accomplished by the use of mass media  [3]  . In addition, a liberal democratic society should actually provide sufficient information along with transparency in the matters of political decisions. As well, it should provide competition in terms of ideas and arguments which encourage participation from the members of the society and thus meet the demands of a democratic society. According to research, mass media has a great role to play in the context of a liberal democratic society. As such, it has been pointed that there are three major roles that media plays in the given society  [4]  . The most important one has been pointed out as the media acting in the capacity of a regulator against the state. In the same line of thought, the media is given to the role and responsibility of ensuring that accurate as well as sufficient information is provided to the society from the larger point of view. Accordingly, the mass media has another major role to play which cannot be underrated. As a matter of fact, it should work hard to ensure that it represents people in the sense of sufficiently reflecting the range of public opinions together with the aspect of political competition  [5]  . It is important at this point to note that media has a major communication role to play in the context of a liberal democratic society. So to speak, communication entails the facilitation of the public dialogues, representation of the public, making the public to live being informed, and acting as a regulator or rather a watchdog of the structures of power which affect the wellbeing of the public. As well, media is used as a tool of social unity and thus it is important to bring into view the major types of media systems in use to accomplish roles assigned within a democratic society. In line with this point, media covers the instruments of communication employed in order to accomplish the roles of communication in a democratic society. As such, these instruments of communication involve books, internet, films, newspapers and TVs among others as such. In essence, democracy advocates for freedom of speech to be granted to the members of the society. In this sense, media works to represent the members within the given society of which due to the limited space, they use some members of the society to speak for the citizens and as well representatives of particular groups and communities together with other such like organization representatives. Therefore, through the use of media, the ideas and arguments along with the information of the given people in the society is brought into public view for the necessary actions to be taken. Basically, the media is expected play the role of a watchdog for the public. This is to suggest that it should take the responsibility to protect the very citizens or rather the society it is mandated to serve. So to articulate, the public is always out to see that the media is regulating the power structures of the society by exploring their functioning and then notify the public when there has arisen some issues in the structures  [6]  . This is also accompanied by the media pointing out to the interests of the people and where they want to act. Another point to note is that a liberal democratic society as it has been highlighted requires a good flow of information. This is to suggest that the public requires to get information and to stay informed. In such as society, citizens are inclined towards making collective decisions for the societal benefit altogether. In the light of this point, democratic societies grow when there is flow of the shared information among the society members and thus it is imperative for the media to inform the society regarding the contemporary issues that need attention and the public stance in regard to them. As far as social unity is concerned, the media acts as a tool that works to bring together the members of the society by making use of a common culture which is only achieved when the media gives the society an experience of culture that is shared. According to research findings together with arguments from various scholars, media as a key player in the flow of information in the society has failed in most of its roles. This is what has brought about the misconception of the proper role of the mass media in a liberal democratic society. However, pointing out to what should be done so that the media can play its proper role, will help to alleviate the burden of the media abuse in a democratic context. As such, the mass media should not accept the manipulation by the political leaders who use it for selfish interest  [7]  . In the light of this point, the media should seek to ensure a universal access in that members should be given room to the right of entry to the mass media to contribute as well as gain from the public. The role of the mass media in the democratic society will be realized again when the mass media works independent from the structures of power present in the society. In all the undertakings of the media, influential leaders should be presented separately from the titles so that there may be no bias. Owing to the manipulation of the mass media by influential leaders, mostly the media may ignore the interests along with the concerns of the public and as such, this should not be done but rather the media should respond to the public interests and concerns altogether. From a more practical point of view, the media is expected to provide truthful and honest information if the development of the democracy is to be achieved. It has been argued that media is central to a democratic society as it leads to information accessibility at all social levels and geographical locations of a society  [8]  . Equally, mass media works as a critic essential to the government along with the investigations of wrong doing. In essence, mass media has its proper role as that of acting as an advocate for good along with bad causes. It is the responsibility of the mass media again to state the different constituencies of the democracy. So to speak, it works towards the creation of common experiences to the society while offering shared public symbols. Needless to say, it is through media that the public gets to interact with the leaders and as such solicit information from them. Accordingly, mass media plays the role of constantly reminding the society the essence of their national identity  [9]  . Following this point, the instruments of media have experienced developments which are closely linked to the technological development. This is to suggest that it is not only though books, newspapers and TVs among others that the mass media operates, but rather internet has come into the scene. Thus, it is possible for the political leaders to use the internet to influence the citizens and as well interact with them  [10]  . Of importance to note in this case is the abuse of mass media by the leaders in order to serve their self driven interest. Therefore, regulation of the mass media should be carried out so that no cases of abuse can be reported. Arguably, contemporary democracy has been pointed out as not to be working. This is given to the reason that the media has engaged in politics with the citizens engaging in the internet citizenship and thus the point of contact and development has been lost  [11]  . Besides this point, mass media has developed to a point whereby it has thus constrained leadership and leaders in the democratic society and thus on the other hand mass media has worked to drag back the democratic societyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s growth  [12]  . More to this point, arbitrated political communication in the public specialty can smooth the progress of deliberative legalizing of the processes in multifarious societies only if an autonomous media system gains self-government from its social situation and if unidentified audiences grant a criticism between a knowledgeable leader conversation and a reactive civil society  [13]  . Although there have been many challenges limiting the media from achieving its objective, it is essential to note that mediaà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s role in the liberal democratic society is paramount. As such, it serves the role of being the watchdog by regulating and criticizing the operations of the government. It provides a platform whereby the leaders of the society interact with the citizens and thus serve their needs. Debates concerning the political and social matters are carried out in the media and thus it serves the interests of the public. It further corrects the wrongs of the government and thus it keeps the government on check so as to ensure freedom and fairness in the society altogether.

Essay --

Subway is the largest single branded international sandwich fast food restaurant franchise. They primarily sell submarine sandwiches and salads. They are the fastest growing franchises in the world with 40735 restaurants in 102 countries. Subway was started by an ambitious 17 year old high school graduate, Fred Deluca , in 1965. He started this business partly because he needed money to aid his education fees. Fred Deluca approached his friend, Dr. Buck, to borrow a thousand dollars to start the business. They eventually became business partners and opened Pete’s Super Submarines. They opened a second outlet and they changed the name to SUBWAY, coloured bright yellow. This is to attract more customers with their company’s name. Background information The Subway story started in 1965 in Bridgeport, Connecticut during August. 17 year old Fred DeLuca dreamed of becoming a medical doctor. He was in need of money as he had to pay for his tuition so he worked in a hardware store. He could only afford lunch at McDonald’s even though he had his salary. This gave him an idea of running a fast-food venture that provides better and healthier food. He got the solution during his family barbecue in a conversation with a family friend, Dr. Peter Buck. Peter then loaned him a $1000 which was enough to open a shop in Bridgeport, which was named Pete’s Submarine after Peter Buck. But it was later changed to Pete’s Subway as the transportation system was nearby in New York. In 1966, Fred and Peter made enough money to open a second store, but they knew it was in a poor location. They found a better location and it was opened till today. Fred continued attending his college while running Subway at the same time. By 1973, he and Buck managed to ha... ... their stores within few miles because it is much more convenient. Demographic: Subway segment their market demographically by providing different foods. For example, Subway in India does not have beef and Subway in Malaysia does not have pork because of their religion and beliefs. Psychographic: Subway is able to segment their market on eating habits. Health conscious people are more likely to buy Subway as it is fresh rather than buying a burger which is oily and unhealthy. Behavioral: Subway knows that busy people, parties and events need food. That is why they provide catering services. Positioning Strategy Subway's strategy is making their food as fresh as possible. They bake their breads fresh daily, they offer more ingredient than any other of their competitor and their customers can customize their own sandwich which gives them more freedom of choice.

Aircraft Carriers Essay

Aircraft Carriers became an essential part of Military History. They act as a mobile Sea base for Aircrafts to maintain a powerful Military wherever possible. Presence, influence, and options. These are three words that can describe and define a United States Naval Aircraft Carrier. They are floating cities with crews of thousands. They are the key player of any military strategy, they provide what has become the key to every battle fought since World War I. They present a presence in a region that is an automatic display of strength that no potential enemy can ignore. A 15-carrier force is required today to provide a full-time presence in three key regions where the Department of Defense considers a naval presence to be important: the Mediterranean, the Western Pacific and the Indian Ocean/Persian Gulf. The primary mission of an Aircraft Carrier is to deploy and to recover aircrafts. Aircraft Carriers were the essential role in making the United Navy the strongest in the world. The Aircraft Carrier has had issues of controversy from early on and this is due to budgeting. So the Aircraft Carrier is a huge importance in the military alone, besides from the United States Navy. Updates, additions and improvements are always being made. I would like to explore these questions and others from the history of the Aircraft Carriers to what the future hold for this billion-dollar ship. The history of the aircraft carrier began on Jul. 11, 1919 the Naval Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 1920 provided for the conversion of the collier Jupiter into a ship specifically designed to launch and recover airplanes at sea — an aircraft carrier — later to be named Langley. The engineering plans for this conversion were modified in November and included catapults to be fitted on both the forward and after ends of the â€Å"flying-off† deck. Mar. 20, 1922 – USS Langley (CV 1), converted from the collier USS Jupiter (AC 3), was placed in commission at Norfolk, Va., as the Navy’s first aircraft carrier. The ship’s executive officer, Cmdr. Kenneth Whiting, was in command. Apr. 1, 1922 – The specifications of arresting gear of the type later installed in early aircraft carriers were sent to various design engineers. â€Å"The arresting gear will consist of two or more transverse wires stretched across the fore and aft wires †¦ [and which] lead around sheaves placed outboard to hydraulic brakes. The plane, after engaging the transverse wire, is guided down the deck by the fore and aft wires and is brought to rest by the action of the transverse wire working with the hydraulic brake.†Jul. 1, 1922 – Congress authorized the conversion of the unfinished battle cruisers Lexington and Saratoga as aircraft carriers and as permitted under the terms of the Washington Treaty. Nov. 16, 1927 – USS Saratoga (CV 3) commissioned at Camden, N.J., Capt. Harry E. Yarnell, commanding. Dec. 14, 1927 – USS Lexington (CV 2) commissioned at Quincy, Mass., Capt. Albert W. Marshall, commanding. Jan. 11, 1928 – The first take off and landing aboard on the USS Saratoga (CV 3) was made by the ship’s Air Officer Cmdr. Marc A. Mitscher in a UO-1.Jan. 23-27, 1929 – The carriers Lexington and Saratoga took part in fleet exercises, attached to opposing forces. Saratoga was detached from the main force, and with an escorting cruiser, was sent on a wide southward sweep before turning north to approach within striking distance of her target, the Panama Canal. On the morning of the 26th, while it was still dark, she launched a strike group of 69 aircraft which arrived over the target undetected shortly after dawn and completed the theoretical destruction of the Miraflores and Pedro Miguel locks without opposition. This demonstration made a profound impression on naval tacticians. Apr. 9, 1929 – Operations aboard Langley and Saratoga confirmed that the fore-and-aft wires of the arresting gear were not needed. The Secretary of the Navy authorized their removal in September. All carrier aircraft, based on these tests, were equipped with brakes and wheel type tailskids. During the 1930 – USS Lexington (CV 2) completed a 30-day period in which she furnished electricity to the city of Tacoma, Wash., in an emergency arising from a failure of the city’s power supply. The electricity from the carrier totaled more than 4.25 million kilowatt-hours. Sept. 26, 1931 – The keel for USS Ranger (CV 4), the first ship of the U.S. Navy to be designed and constructed as an aircraft carrier, was laid at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry-dock Company in Newport News, VA. The ship was launched on 25 Feb. 1933, and commissioned 4 Jun. 1934 at the Norfolk Navy Yard, Capt. Arthur L. Bristol, commanding. Nov. 1, 1934 – The Naval Aircraft Factory was authorized to manufacture and test a flush-deck hydraulic catapult, Type H Mark I. This catapult was designed to launch land planes from aircraft carriers and was the Navy’s initial development of a hydraulic catapult, a type which was to be the primary means of launching land planes from carriers. Apr. 21, 1937 – Following a four-month conversion period, the Navy’s first carrier USS Langley was converted to a seaplane tender and reclassified as AV-3. Sept. 30, 1937 – USS Yorktown (CV 5) was placed in commission at the Norfolk Naval Operating Base Norfolk, Va., with Capt. Ernest D. McWhorter in command. The ship’s keel was laid on 21 May 1934 and it was launched on 4 April 1936. May 12, 1938 – USS Enterprise (CV 6) was placed in commission at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry-dock Company, Newport News, Va., Capt. N. H. White commanding. The ship was launched 3 Oct. 1936. Jun. 11-13, 1939 – USS Saratoga (CV 3) and the tanker USS Kanawha (AO 1) conducted underway-refueling tests off the coast of southern California, demonstrating the feasibility of refueling carriers at sea. Apr. 25, 1940 – USS Wasp (CV 7) was placed in commission at the Army Quartermaster Base, Boston, Mass., Capt. John W. Reeves, Jr., commanding. The ship’s keel was laid 1 Apr. 1936, at Quincy, Mass., by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Co., and the ship was launched 4 Apr. 1939. Jun. 2, 1941 – USS Long Island (AVG 1), the Navy’s first escort carrier, commissioned at Newport News, Va., Cmdr. Donald B. Duncan in command. The ship was originally built as Mormacmail, a cargo ship, by Sun Shipbuilding and Dry-dock Company, Chester, Pa., and converted in 67 days to a flush-deck carrier. She was reclassified as CVE-1 on 15 Jul. 1943. Oct. 20, 1941 – USS Hornet (CV 8) was placed in commission in Norfolk, Va., Capt. Marc A. Mitscher in command. The ship was launched 14 Dec. 1940 at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry-dock Company. Dec. 7, 1941 – Carrier aircraft of the Japanese Imperial Navy launched a devastating attack on Pearl Harbor and on the military and air installations in the area. The three aircraft carriers of the Pacific Fleet were not present. USS Saratoga (CV 3), just out of overhaul, was moored at San Diego. USS Lexington (CV 2) was at sea about 425 miles southeast of Midway toward which she was headed to deliver a Marine Scout Bombing Squadron. USS Enterprise (CV 6) was also at sea, about 200 miles west of Pearl Harbor, returning from Wake Island where she had delivered a Marine Fighter Squadron. These were some of the early experiences of Aircraft Carriers and we could determine how to divide carriers up from their makeup and function. U.S. aircraft carriers were named traditionally for older American warships and battles except for the first carrier the Langley, which was named after aviation pioneer Samuel P. Langley. Your first class of Aircraft Carriers began with the Essex class. These were 24 ships of World War II and these carriers were the backbone of the US carrier strength from 1943 through the Korean War. They operated alongside the larger Midway and Forrestal class ships through the Cold War and the Vietnam War. The Lexington was the last active ship, serving as a trained carrier until decommissioned in November 1991. After World War II, carriers were being modified to being designated as the Hancock class carriers. The Antietam was the first carrier in the US modified to an angled-deck configuration. Out of 32 ships 24 were completed during 1940 -1942. They were all originally designed to be CV and then later changed to CVA in 1952. Your list of carriers in the Essex’s class were from (CV 9) – (CV 40); Essex (CV 9), Yorktown (CV 10), Intrepid (CV 11), Hornet (CV 12), Franklin (CV13), Ticonderoga (CV 14), Randolph (CV 15), Lexington (CV 16), Bunker Hill (CV 17), and the Wasp (CV 18). (CV 40) Hancock (CV 19), Bennington (CV 20), Boxer (CV 21). List of light carriers that was from (CVL 22) – (CVL 30 Independence – class light carriers (CVL 22) – (CVL 30) and then continue back to your Essex class from (CV 31) – (CV 40); Bon Homme Richard (CV 31), Leyte (CV 32), Kearsarge (CV 33), Oriskany (CV 34), Reprisal (CV 35), Antietam (CV 36), Princeton (CV 37), Shangri-La (CV 38), Lake Champlain (CV 39) and Tarawa (CV 40). The next class of carriers was the Midway class large carriers (CVB 41) – (CVB44), and (CVB 56-57). The Midway (CV 41) was the last World War II era warship in commission in the Navy. She was decommissioned in 1992. The Midways were the largest warships designed by the US Navy during World War II. They were larger than the Essex class. They had a larger aircraft capacity and heavier gun battery and they were the first US carriers with an armored flight deck. Each ship was built had two haudralic catapults and aircraft capacity of 137. They were the first US warships constructed with a beam too great to permit passage through the Panama Canal. The Midway hangar deck is 692 feet long, 85 feet wide and 17  ½ feet high. Her flight deck is canted 13 degrees to port and is 682 feet long. The Midway carried Carrier Air Wing which operated three F/A Hornet squadrons, two A-6E Intruder Squadrons and an SH-3H Sea King squadron and plus combat support aircraft. Six Ships of this class were authorized in 1942- 1945: CVB 41-44, 56 and 57. The CVB 44 was cancelled on 1 Nov. 1943; the CVB 56 and CV 57 were cancelled on 28 March 1945. None had been laid down. The Roosevelt (CVB 42) was commissioned in 1945 and remained active her entire career. The Coral Sea (CVB 43) was commissioned in 1947 and pretty much active until decommissioned in 1990. Your next class was the Ticonderoga class the Valley Forge (CV-45). The Iwo Jima (CV 46) was cancelled in 1945. Then back to the Essex class Philippine Sea (CV 47) and (CV 50-55) were also Essex class were cancelled in 1945. Saipan class light carriers (CVL 48-49); Saipan (CVL 48) and the Wright (CVL 49). Then picking up after your Midway large class carriers was the United States heavy carriers. There were fours ships of this class and they were intended to primarily operate nuclear strike aircraft and the lead ship, the United States (CVA 58), was authorized in 1948 but canceled in 1949. Even though she was never completed she served as a design to the Forrestal and large US aircraft carriers. The United States design provided for a flush-deck configuration that could launch two heavy attack aircraft and two fighters from a pair of forward catapults and a pair of waist catapults simultaneously. Your next class was the Forrestal and modified Forrestal classes (CV 59-64), and (CV 66-67). Forrestal (CV 59), Saratoga (CV 60), Ranger (CV 61), Independence (CV 62), Kitty Hawk (CV 63), and the Constellation (CV 64). Modified Forrestal class America (CV 66) and the John F. Kennedy (CV 67). The Forrestal class was the world’s first aircraft carrier design to be constructed from the keel up after World War II. The ships were intended to operate heavy and high-performance turbojet attack aircraft. Four ships originally were to be completed from 1955 -1959. The classification taken from the Independence was that this class of ship was built as an attack aircraft carrier, and then changed to a multi-mission aircraft when modified to operate S-3A Viking ASW aircraft and SH-3 Sea King ASW helicopters. The Forrestal was modified during construction to incorporate the British developed angled flight deck. The hangar deck is 740 feet, 101 wide and 25 feet high. These were the last aircraft carriers built with a minor gun armament. The USS Enterprise (CV 65) was the world’s second nuclear-propelled surface warship, and at the time of construction she was the world’s largest and most expensive. The estimated cost was 444 million dollars. The Enterprise is classified as an attack aircraft carrier and was later changed to a multi-mission carrier. She was built to modify the Kitty Hawk but in her original configuration she had an island structure because of the arrangement of radar antennas. Her hangar deck is 860 feet long, 107 feet wide and 25 feet high. The Enterprise was involved in the Pacific Fleet in 1965 which she conducted air strikes over North Vietnam in November. That made her the first nuclear ship to enter combat. The next class of aircraft carriers is the Nimitz class from (CV 68-77). Nimitz (CV 68), Eisenhower (CV 69), Vinson (CV 70), Roosevelt (CV 71), Lincoln (CV 72), Washington (CV 73), Stennis (CV 74), Truman (CV 75), Reagan (CV 76) and George H. Bush (CV 77). These are the largest warships ever built. A program to construct the first three CVNs of this class was approved by Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara during the Vietnam War as replacements for the three Midway class carriers to provide a force of 12 large carriers. The Nimitz and the Eisenhower were to ordered as attack carriers and then changed to multi-mission aircraft carriers in 1975. These ships are similar to the Kitty Hawk class in regards to the flight deck. The hangar deck is 684 feet long, 108 feet wide and 26  ½ feet high. This class has been in production longer than any other carrier design in history. These were also the first aircraft carrier combatant ships to have women assigned to them. The Eisenhower was the first to deploy with women in 1994 with 367 women aboard for a six-month deployment. All of these ships are still active in the fleet. A future aircraft carrier as of right now is The Gerald R. Ford class is the future aircraft carrier replacement class for USS Enterprise and CVN 68, or Nimitz class aircraft carriers. Gerald R. Ford (CVN 78) and the John F. Kennedy (CVN 70) was ordered from Newport News Shipbuilding on Sept. 10, 2008, and is scheduled to be delivered in 2015. The Gerald R. Ford class will be the premier forward asset for crisis response and early decisive striking power in a major combat operation. Gerald R. Ford class aircraft carriers and carrier strike groups will provide the core capabilities of forward presence, deterrence, sea control, power projection, maritime security and humanitarian assistance. The structure of the future aircraft carriers as of right now is to consist of the Nimitz class flight deck. But the deck has been re-arranged to increase sortie rates and improve weapons movement. In order for this to happen the island has been designed differently and there is to be three instead of four aircraft lifts. Other features include electromagnetic aircraft launching system, new integrated warfare system and an advanced nuclear power plant. The electrical generating capacity is to be at least 2  ½ times that of the Nimitz class to support new fighting technologies such as energy weapons and also to support high communications. With discussing the future carriers many have suggested going away from the highly expensive and vulnerable super carriers toward smaller, light carriers. The new super carrier is going to expensive to maintain with the high sortie technology and electromagnetic aircraft launch system. This is an idea for future aircraft carriers because of budgeting and vulnerability. Aircraft carriers will remain the cornerstone of the United States Navy regardless of their change. Aircraft carriers and their embarked air wings are the most important weapons systems in the Navy. These large ships never operate alone but as core of a carrier battle group that consists of cruisers, destroyers, frigates and submarines, which safeguard the carrier. At its most basic level, an aircraft carrier is simply a ship outfitted with a flight deck and a runway area for launching and landing airplanes. This concept dates back almost as far as airplanes themselves. The new carriers allowed military forces to transport short-range aircrafts all over the world. Today super aircraft carriers are a crucial part of almost all major U.S. military operations. While the ship itself isn’t especially useful as a weapon, the air power it transports can make the difference between victory and defeat. One of the major obstacles of using air power in war is getting the planes to their destination. To maintain an air base in a foreign region, the United States has to make special arrangements with a host country, and then has to abide by that country’s rules, which may change over time. No matter if aircraft carriers change for technology or for budgeting they will remain. They carry a huge punch and presence wherever they go. Their range, power and weaponry create a powerful image to the enemy that cannot be ignored. Without the creation of the aircraft carrier in the United States Navy we would not be the most powerful Naval force in the World today. We have seen over time from the very beginning aircraft carrier, the evolving technology, design and configuration change. But the main purpose for the aircraft carrier is being able to deploy aircrafts at anytime and to maintain the aircrafts. Each aircraft carrier is a self-sustained floating airport that’s sovereign U.S. territory. When deployed, they operate with their own ZIP code, post office, hospital, dental clinic, barbershops, athletic facilities and chapels. More than 18,000 meals are prepared daily and each of the crew has e-mail access. That is why they are seen, as a floating city and it is essential to maintain their protection. The carrier’s mobility allows them to be deployed wherever needed to support ongoing or sudden conflicts. The ships are routinely sent to international waters, and the air wing teams that travel with each carrier are available to perform a variety of missions ranging from surveillance to strikes. So again aircraft carriers will remain an essential value to the United States military. Throughout military history they have played a major role especially since World War I and causing major conflictions on the enemy. So we will continue to enhance our technology to aircraft carriers and the air wings to remain the strongest in the world. We will do so to maintain air superiority and superiority of the United States. Regardless of controversy or budgeting the United States will continue to make aircraft carriers or make modifications to existing aircraft carriers in the fleet. The United States Navy has shown it power and force through aircraft carriers. The ability to execute at anytime or anywhere with it powerful mobilization of aircrafts. But behind the aircraft carrier is the crew who operates it and maintain. Thank you United States Navy! Works Cited Morris, James. Readings in American Military History. Pearson, ISBN-13: 978-0-13-182516-1 Millett, Allan, and Peter Maslowski. For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States. 2nd Edition: Free Press, ISBN-13: 978-0- 02-921597-5. Chambers, John W., and G. Kurt Piehler. Major Problems in American Military History. Houghton Mifflin, ISBN-13: 978-0-669-33538-5. Rampolla, Mary Lynn. A Pocket Guide to Writing in History. 6th Edition. Bedford/ St. Martin’s, ISBN-13: 978-0-312-53503-2. Polmar, Norman. The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet. 6th Edition. United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland. ISBN: 1-55750-686-8 Clancy, Tom. Carrier A guided tour of an Aircraft Carrier. Berkley publishing group, ISBN: 0-425-16682-1 Sanders, Stephen. Jane’s Fighting Ships 2011-2012. 114th edition. United States Naval Institute, Annapolis Maryland. ISBN: 978-0710629593